Argon and xenon gases have been used as performance enhancers, though their effectiveness remains controversial and they are banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).
How Xenon and Argon Work as Performance Enhancers
Both gases are noble gases, traditionally considered inert, but they have bioactive properties that can influence human physiology:
1. Activation of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF-1α)
Inhalation of xenon or argon can stimulate HIF-1α, a protein that helps the body adapt to low oxygen environments
This leads to increased production of erythropoietin (EPO), a hormone that boosts red blood cell formation, enhancing oxygen delivery and endurance
2. Mimicking Altitude Training
The physiological effects are similar to training at high altitudes, where oxygen levels are lower.
Athletes may use these gases to increase stamina and recovery without needing to relocate or use hypoxic chambers
3. Rapid Clearance, Lasting Effects
Xenon and argon clear from the body within hours, but their performance-enhancing effects can last for days, making them attractive for doping
Scientific Evidence and Limitations
Studies have shown modest increases in EPO and plasma volume after xenon inhalation, but no consistent improvement in athletic performance
The long-term health effects and optimal dosing protocols remain unclear or unproven.
Regulatory Status
WADA banned xenon and argon in 2014, classifying them as performance-enhancing drugs due to their ability to artificially boost oxygen-carrying capacity
Detection is challenging, as the gases are quickly eliminated from the body, and testing relies on indirect markers like HIF-1α or EPO levels.